$13.76bn in revenues and $3.43bn in profits. Goldman Sachs has fully recovered from the financial crisis, when it was salvaged by taxpayers with billions funneled through AIG and billions more in debt guarantees. Employees took home $6.65bn in compensation in the second quarter alone. By comparison, shareholders get $721mn per year.

So how does GS make all this money? Of its three business units, trading is the gold mine, with $10.78bn in revenues in the second quarter alone. Over 70% came from fixed income, currency and commodities, and the rest from trading equities. The trading desks buy securities, including derivatives, hold them for some period of time, and sell them at a higher price. GS is the largest user of program trading, using computers to do the same thing, but holding for vastly shorter holding periods, minutes or seconds.

Tyler Durden at Zerohedge has been writing about the dominance of GS in program trading, and has pointed out some of the risks it brings. In this post, he quotes from an NYSE press release:

The data indicated that during June 22-26, program trading amounted to 48.6 percent of NYSE average daily volume of 3,449.8 million shares1, or 1,675.7 million program shares traded per day (Revised from 1,678.3 million program shares traded per day).

The revised report shows that GS traded 1.34bn shares that week for its own account. That’s billion.

What does this mean to you? Your mutual funds and pensions plans invest for the medium or long term. One important factor in their returns is the price they pay for investments, and they all want to get best execution, the best price available at the moment. GS is a huge program trader. They have enormous computers on-site at electronic trading centers, and at the exchanges, with authority to execute trades without the involvement of humans. These computers get the jump on everyone, generating huge numbers of trades.

Zerohedge posted this paper from Themis Trading LLC, which explains several of the strategies used by high frequency traders.

One of those works like this. Suppose an institutional investor wants to buy a 10,000 shares of a particular stock between 20.00 and 20.03. It has a computer running an algorithm, called an algo, to buy shares in small units so as not to shake the market. The insiders, in this example, computerized Automated Market Makers, are able to identify reserve book orders, by pinging, sending out orders to sell at specific prices that are canceled unless they are immediately accepted. Once the order is accepted, they see that there is a standing order to buy. Suppose one finds a reserve book order to buy at $20.00

Next, the AMM starts to ping the algo. The AMM offers 100 shares at $20.05. Nothing happens, and it immediately cancels. It offers $20.04. Nothing happens, and it immediately cancels..

Then it offers $20.03 – and the institutional algo buys. Now, the AMM knows it has found a reserve book buyer willing to pay up to $20.03. The AMM quickly goes back to a penny above the institution’s original $20.00 bid, buys more shares at $20.01 before the institutional algo can, and then sell those shares to the institution at $20.03.

The AMM computer can do this because it is very fast, much faster than the institutional algo, and at the same site as the exchange computers. In this example, the institutional investor pays $200 more than it should. That is money that comes out of your pocket.

We can’t see total gains from this kind of trading in financial statements. One Zerohedge links says that the program traders suck $15-20bn from the markets each year. Those $200s add up.

GS and the rest of the big players defend this penny clipping on the grounds that it adds liquidity to the market. The Themis people don’t agree, and they have a good point. GS has no duty to provide liquidity, so if things get tight, this liquidity disappears. High frequency traders, like those AMMs, can generate false market signals, creating pointless volatility, and excess risk to people who watch these spikes to determine their own trading.

I’m beginning to think Matt Taibbi is right: GS is a “…great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity, relentlessly jamming its blood funnel into anything that smells like money.”


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