The Bushie EPA used the Friday news dump yesterday to hide their latest toxic discharge: the EPA won’t bother to limit the toxic rocket fuel chemical perchlorate, a common drinking water contaminant which can cause fetal brain damage and other severe health problems. Why does the Bushie EPA claim they don’t have to bother about perchlorate?
in more than 99 percent of public drinking water systems, perchlorate was not at levels of public health concern.
Who cares if one percent of America’s drinking water systems contain perchlorate? Who cares if sixteen million people (as the EPA claims) or more than twice as many Americans (as the NRDC and others calculate) — including hundreds of thousands of moms and infants — drink toxic rocket fuel every day? Thirty million people? Piffle! That’s only ten percent of the population. Who could expect the Bushies or their corporatist owners to shell out big bucks for a tiny fraction of Americans, right?
The Bushies’ EPA claims only sixteen million Americans — a mere five percent of the country’s population — may be drinking perchlorate. Reputable sources outside of Bushworld estimate up to forty million Americans are drinking perchlorate from the tap.
Haven’t heard about perchlorate before? The topic isn’t just bad news for infants. Perchlorate is a toxic component of rocket fuel and explosives. Who makes rocket fuel and explosives? Why, the Pentagon’s lovers in the war industries. Of course, that would only affect news coverage if "defense" corporatists owned or influenced US news outlets. Right?
Anyway, perchlorate interferes with the way our bodies usually handle iodine. We require iodine to make thyroid hormone. Our brains require thyroid hormone to function. Our fetal brains require far smaller amounts of thyroid hormone to successfully complete the developmental task of growing up to be an adequate brain for us after we’re born. Adequate thyroid hormone is so important to our developing brain that medicine had a special medical term for what happens to people deprived of iodine as their brains developed: cretinism. Though the term has now been discarded for "congenital hypothyroidism", the underlying cause remains the same: insufficient thyroid hormone.
Some years ago the EPA proposed a limit of one part perchlorate in a billion parts of water. That wasn’t popular with the Pentagon or the defense war corporations. Our country is so contaminated by perchlorate that millions of Americans drink water with far more than one part per billion of perchlorate. Who cares?
"They have distorted the science to such an extent that they can justify not regulating" the chemical, said Robert Zoeller, a University of Massachusetts professor who specializes in thyroid hormone and brain development and has a copy of the EPA proposal. "Infants and children will continue to be damaged, and that damage is significant."
Zoeller said scientific studies have shown that a small reduction in thyroid function in infants can translate into a loss of IQ and an increase in behavioral and perception problems. "It’s absolutely irreversible," he said. "Even small changes in thyroid functions early on have impacts on functioning through high school and even into people’s 20s."
A reference to those studies in the EPA’s proposal was deleted by OMB officials.
The document states that establishing a drinking-water standard for perchlorate "would not present a ‘meaningful opportunity for health risk reduction for persons served by public water systems,’ " but it also reveals that many Americans will be exposed to the compound at levels higher than recommended if nothing is done to remove it.
Feh. One percent of Americans? One percent of America’s drinking water systems? For the Bushies, that’s not enough people to spend out tax money protecting from toxic substances.
Except, of course, for the toxic substances we call "securites". For the few million Americans at risk of injuries from those toxins, the Bushies and their corporatist masters have calculated protection is priceless.
Or at least worth $700 Billion.
Hey — maybe the Bushie / Paulson / Obama toxic protection lobby will come out swinging for the thirty (forty?) million Americans getting dosed with perchlorate in their drinking water.
Sure. When flying cretinous monkeys come flying out of my tap.




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Kirk !
He’s just preparin’ them for the trek to Mars /s
Aloha, Doc! Long time no see! 8-)
Is it fair to suggest that Trig Palin might be the result of a mom drinking rocket fuel?
Some descriptions of “mongoloidism” has as possible causes pollution from oil spills, etc.
I don’t believe you mean “thirty million”. More like three million.
Not to pick nits, but 1% of 300 million is 3 million.
The EPA has been seriously compromised by this Maladministration’s ministrations for years now, if the data doesn’t fit, they discard it, or not open the e-mail that contains it…!
Is there any information in terms of where there are concentrations of this in drinking water?
Hi Petro and CT – great to see you both here!
sailmaker, I haven’t read anything about Sarah Palin drinking contaminated water (with a net worth of 1.2 million, her family may well be able to afford the expensive reverse osmosis filters that are effective in removing perchlorate), though I have read reports she used cannabis in defiance of Federal law.
Press accounts report that Trig has been diagnosed with “Down’s Syndrome”, now known as Trisomy 21. Although both “Down’s Syndrome” and congenital hypothyroidism cause congenital brain damage, they are two separate diseases with separate causes.
they are deliberately destroying this country, they are enemies of this state, they took power in a silent coup and they are not giving it up without leaving a wasteland
they want to depopulate the planet, they are sociopaths, they just do not care
Yes, please check your math.
Just heard about this on Ring of Fire. Thanks for this. Will distribute info to my personal network. Reminds me too of that thing about Creekstone and the mad cow disease testing (test was only $20 but would interfere with “sales”) being sunk by Bushco … talk about corporation = psychopath. And the govt. psychopaths are behind the wheel of government oversight or non-oversight.
And Kirk, not to add insult to injury here for infants, there is also pretty strong evidence that feeding babies soy-based infant formulas depresses thyroid hormones as well.
Glad you and bob5540 can do math — wish I could! Off to fix the sentence….
Taking a cue from China.
Howdy, Doc!
From: “University of Pittsburgh, Institute of Politics;
Southweatern Pennsylvania’s
Water Quality Problems and
How to Address Them Regionally …
A Lack of Data
Despite studies, complete and up-to -date water quality data for descision-making purposes are not readily avaiable. We should note with dismay that we don’t know. Due to thr lack of adequare historical and real-time water quality and sediment sampling dara for both major rivers and feeder streams, we don’t really know how much of varoius pollutants ( such as heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, oils or grease)are in our untreated water or riverbanks and sediments. Many of these pollutants can cause cancer, neurological problems, developmental defects, and other problems, at this time (2007) we can only guess as to whether they appear in sufficient concentration to pose a health threat here.”
Who could have imagined, or can imagine what is in our water?
Certainly not our government.
Nail ‘em, Kirk!!!
If anyone wants to see what contaminants are in their area, go to http://www.scorecard.org
Kirk, I’m so glad that I can read your post while you’re still on it …
Our laundromat has been perc free for 20 years and we encourage all our friends to use them …
a nit here and a knit there and pretty soon you are talking about real sweaters.
oo thanks Margot
Thanks!
One of the largest sytems in the country (the Metropolitan Water District) brings water to over ten million people. As the MWD draws water from the lower Colorado downstream from the Kerr-McGee site that contaminates Lake Mead, the MWD and the adjacent water systems they feed bring perchlorate-contaminated water to much of urban SoCal.
The result is that the “one percent” of water systems the EPA cites include some of the nation’s largest, and far more than one percent of Americans receive perchlorate in their drinking water.
Thanks for the opportunity to express this clearly.
Related?:
What is so sad is that we know better, we are smarter than this.
And for just one human to suffer the effects of perchlorates..
Just where the hell are the pro-lifers?
The number one country in the US for overall pollution is Northwest Arctic County, Alaska. Anchorage County is like number 39.
http://www.sciencebase.com/sci…..-list.html
Where are the largest areas of contaminated water? Now where is the nearest largest bunch of Rich Bush voters?
There is a real estate crisis so lets use that, nobody can sell a home with water that causes birth defects if its known.
What would it take to make it so that everytime someone googles a certain town’s name like you are doing a realestate search or just snooping that the words birth defects come up?
Of course the defense companies and NASA should have to compensate the homeowners
We need a computer map of the country that we can zoom in to the town level and see what kind of pollution is there. Only locals in my old county know that Gilberts has Mercury in the wells above Bush EPA levels but new home buyers don’t know that.
Kirk,
Do typical under sink water filters catch the perchlorate?
We’ve used a dual stage filter for all drinking and cooking water for many years even though we get “fresh” water from Lake Michigan. Lots of chlorine odor/taste is effectively removed by the filter. Many other contaminates removed as well.
What level of filtration is required to remove the perchlorates?
Funny how 1% of the population is inconsequential to an administration that’s devoted the last 8 years entirely to placating and enriching 1/2 of 1% of the population beyond their wildest dreams…
Well, not “haha” funny…
you know, it occurs to me, these federalists, these robber barons don’t even want public water
they have discovered a method to privitize our public water system
they are sociopaths
Hi Kirk, welcome back!
Ya mean I can distill thjis water down and make ROCKET FUEL!! OH boy I always want to build a rocket and if the fuel cane be had for almost nothing the space race will surley heat up!! /S
Numbers Nazi Knockin: Thirty million is ten percent of the US population, and sixteen million is about 5% (not one percent and .5%)
I wonder what else perchlorate does to people I don’t trust the Bush EPA to tell us.
Yep. This is sad, and the fact that
http://www.grist.org/feature/2…..index.html
is even sadder.
Kirk where ya been hiding??
That depends is there any commercial Pop, water,milk anything production area that uses the contaminated water and sells it outside the contaminated area?
Here’s the wiki on the health effects
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P…..th_effects
Everyone crap!
You know, the NASA folks are always excited to find evidence of water on another planet. They seem to believe that wherever there is water, the is a source of fuel, because all you have to do is extract the hydrogen and you have rocket fuel. Apparently this principle works everywhere in the universe except the planet Earth. Because if it worked here, we would have an inexhaustible fuel supply. too bad…
It’s pretty clear BushCo counted up all the water systems in the country and used it as the denominator to determine the one-percent figure, even though that one-percent of water systems serves more than ten percent of Americans. Something is seriously wrong when politicians can use numbers like this to lie to Americans about their risk, and the risks they take on behalf of their fetii and children.
Frankly, it doesn’t sound terribly pro-life to me at all.
Maybe Mars had intelligent life once and Republicans? before the perchlorate wiped them out? Maybe thats why Mars wanted our Women?
That would be funny if it weren’t possibly true.
Well, you can’t believe the CDC. They are all scientists, dontcha know?
Gallows Humor?
How much would it cost to build rocket fuel tanks that don’t leak? That or switch fuels Russia uses solid fuel rockets don’t they they are more powerful and blow up more because they are more powerful but is there stuff safer?
Gallows humor, in this country, at this time, would make everything funny.
Hi foxman:
The NRDC specifies that perchlorate can be removed by “reverse osmosis” systems…but does not list perclorate among the toxins other common purification methods remove:
dugg it, doc
lol. i’ll take my laughs wherever i can find them. *g*
Hang ‘em high! At least the current crop in the WH! It’s almost a tragedy The Hague did away with the death penalty for war criminals…
Wassup?
Aloha, Suz!
Oh, for this bunch, the death penalty would be far too kind. Life in prison much better, not that it will happen.
Yes. Produce.
The Imperial Valley and other SoCal regions grow much of the natin’s winter lettuce.
From Grist:
Life alone is worse than death even hard criminals do not like isolation.
Thnaks, Suz!
Hi Teddy, nanhant, and pups – it’s good to be back (and to be able to be back!)
“Life ln prison …”
Oh, I think they should Gitmo …
I don’t know, I think the same ‘justice’ Saddam received would be apropo…! ;-)
Uh at somepoint this stuff will spread beyond the water table if its in urine then its getting into other sources of water. Doesn’t this stuff bind to anything and become inert?
My 58 is for eCAHN @ 54.
;~D
silly me — I forgot!
Gitmo would be good. We can fantisize.
thanks, kirk, that’s what I suspected. The reverse osmosis systems are the high end product and are used (along with a whole series of other processes) by most of the companies that produce the bottled water we buy in stores.
I really don’t know what the perchlorate levels are like in Great Lakes water, but it’s a pretty big basin that gets drain water from all over. Pretty terrifying to think that our “safe” municipal water, even when further filtered by the consumer might still be unsafe.
Perris @30 has it right.
drove out to the farm today and it was beautiful fall day for a drive in the country. got 60 lbs of organic heirloom tomatoes (am cooking now to freeze) – not from the farm i get my csa share from (they didn’t have extras this year) but from someone they know. then took a long walk at the nearby quabbin reservoir before driving home.
great day. and boy did i need it after yesterday.
hope you and everyone else had an equally (or better) day.
I believe in
sufferingmaking criminals contemplate their crimes take away all distractions and leave them alone to think.I read somewhere that Hitler tested this idea with smart people but it didn’t work they were able to create a world in their heads to keep them occupied.
However the American prison system seems to use isolation quite well with lower IQ types they go nuts if left in to long. However the smart ones seem to shrug it off.
I give Bush a year.
Well, not for too long, but, I wouldn’t be heartbroken if they botched it like they did with Saddam…!
Gee, Kirk, is it possible for you to make a post without deceiving your audience, particularly with your strategic omissions?
For example, if you’re gonna try to scare people into thinking that 20 or 200 ppb of perchlorate is incredibly dangerous, don’t you (particularly since you identify yourself as an MD) also have an ethical obligation to point out that for decades, perchlorate has been used as a drug to treat hyperthyroidism, at concentrations of up to 300,000 ppb?
Here’s what your chosen authority says about it:
“He [Zoeller] notes that scientists do not believe that perchlorates are overtly toxic; that is, “it’s not going to give you cancer or a liver problem.”
i don’t want to see them suffer. no – not even them. i do want to protect society from them and i want to see what they’ve done repudiated. locking them up (only after a fair trial) is good enough to achieve both those ends.
Wow. Tomatoes almost gone here. Scrounging around for enough to make sauce. Going to the farmers market when it opens at 10 to see if I can get what’s left.
Yesterday made 2X pumpkin spice bread for freezer & 1X chicken a la King. Had for dinner last night & lunch today plus 5 meals in the freezer. Talk about comfort food.
Looking at cookie recipes.
Yes. At some point, eCAHN, ‘turn-about’ seems ‘fair’ play …
Maybe we could simply modify the ‘protection for life’ they’ll all be afforded by the SECRET service, to sumthin’ a little more ‘cosy’?
I give Bush an hour.
Uh oh, we finally triggered the mod’s trigger finger…!
it’s good to have you back. thanks for another great post.
great, there are fireworks displays on a weekly basis, over the lake at Navy Pier in Chicago.
Then we drink the water…
OK but away from all the other prisoners I don’t want a Bushie street gang of wannabees come out of the prison system in a few decades.
Doesn’t seem to bind anything very fast. Aquafornia’s extensive perchlorate coverage has this from the LA Times:
well, you will be very busy slicing and dicing. That picture of your prep from last year is just succulent.
You’re kinder than I am. I literally never hated anyone before W became prez. Seems like a waste of emotional energy to hate someone who doesn’t know you exist and who could care less even if he did. But I am who I am.
Yup.
tomatoes almost gone here too. that’s actually how i got them – at the height of the harvest they were selling to whole foods in batches of 250 lbs. but didn’t do that this week. i bought everything they had after they took what their family would eat for the week (they’ve already done their own canning for the winter). lucky break, i was already resigned to not having tomatoes this winter when i got the message today.
sounds good.
Smokey, I’m sad to see you aonce again abuse the privelege of posting here to decieve our readers, though I’ve given up any expectation to the contrary.
Perchlorate – like other chemicals that interfere with fetal neurological development (as well as other aspects of fetal development) – is toxic at doses fr smller than those which produce no effects in human adults.
This basic fact is responsible for the tragic consequences thinking people of good will all acknowledge arose from thalidomide.
http://www.patentstorm.us/pate…..ption.html
We can replace rocket fuel, but I think Kirk? pointed out that nanotubes have their own pollution problems.
Anyone else have other ideas to replace rocket fuel with something safer?
Damm Kirk this could be a Halloween post. We need to switch fuels!
i love the mixture of colors with heirloom tomatoes (to say nothing of the flavor. last year was the first year i tried it – and only because it was suggested during one of christy’s saturday morning posts. first time i just did 10 lbs to experiment. and the next weekend 30lbs. so 60lbs at one time is a lot. might have have to finish tomorrow am if i don’t get done tonight.
not kinder. probably just too many mirror neurons or something. causing suffering, even to people i hate, gives me the creeps.
Huh?? These bastards deserve life for the crimes they enabled and condoned! Bush should be tried for treason for starting a War under false pretext. And for good measure through in the whole senior staff of the White house, state Department and the Pentagon.
Sounds dreamy.
Just how many poisons have been used as medicine through out history?
BTW, I canned some green-when-ripe tomatoes, but it was a failed experiment. They lost a lot of color in the process (unlike red tomatoes) and look like pea soup. Next year, green tomatoes get frozen. I am not without tomatoes; got the greens canned, yellow & some reds in the freezer. No sauce yet though, and I had wanted to can some more reds.
I’m being funny again but if Bush and Company are in the general prison population they will have a chance to influence other prisoners.
This is how gangs spread nationally the police broke up prison gangs by spreading the leaders to different prisons nationwide. Where the Leaders recruited new members across the country.
Granted the skinheads already have GOP connections, notice that at the Dem convention the Attorney General refused to investigate whether the meth heads who wanted to shoot Obama had help, connections to skinhead groups etc.
I do not want those connections to get stronger.
Toxic spill in aisle 68
But life away from other prisoners in isolation is cool with me:)
Kirk,
Your counter was a predictable straw man.
I would never, ever limit my concern to adults, so I find your false accusation insulting. There are plenty of ecological studies on newborns out there. Did you bother to read any of those studies before you wrote your rant? Or are you asserting that hyperthyroid infants and children have never been treated with high doses of perchlorate?
Since you’ve accused me of deceiving readers here, prove it.
I accused you of omitting important information. In what way do you consider the fact that perchlorate has been used as a drug for 50 years unimportant in discussing the magnitude of danger it poses?
For the record, to head off your predictable tactic of false dichotomies, I think Bush is an immoral war criminal. I think that his cabal has ignored science. So when I say that your deception and scaremongering is unethical because there are much more important pollutants to worry about and you clearly can’t be bothered to go to the actual data, please try to wrap your brain around the fact that I do so because I find your strategic omissions offensive, not because I agree with Bush.
See if you can reply without an ad hominem attack. I predict that you can’t resist.
Aah, green tomatoes are utilized by my family for a Chutney-like condiment that has onions, garlic, vinegar and sugar… Simply divine…!
Dr. Murphy,
I’m curious as to the potential effects drinking water with percholates in it might have on someone who is allergic to percholates as used in drycleaning. My husband was allergic to the drycleaning percholates and I wonder how drinking water might have complicated his already precarious health.
With gratitude,
Heather
Toxic spill in aisle 68
I propose a toast….
i’ve never done any canning. just the freezing – chop them up (skin and all), lightly cook (simmer gently for 10min?) in a big soup pot with olive oil, a bit of garlic and bay leaves. cool, bag and freeze. rinse, repeat until done. don’t separate the colors.
i’m sure there are better ways, but this worked great last year. the flavor is still very fresh, i think because they are not cooked very much.
p.s. i saw this morning that you had made spice pumpkin bread and i had to laugh because i made 2 loaves a couple days ago (1 is in the freezer). great with coffee in the morning. yum.
recipe?
How cute Kirk has a GOP troll of his own monitoring his posts. After all I never seen Smokey at the Lake before but Kirk seems to know him.
I wonder if its a Karl troll like the ones who went nuts when Al Gore was nominated for the Nobel?
3,4 in the morning the news broke and suddenly the Huffpost had like 20 pages of racist insults to try and wreck the good news.
I assume that Karl has losers on a hotline at the ready not to refute green news but try and disrupt us?
The GOP can’t argue the issues but they can still disrupt.
You can freeze tomatoes whole. Just cut out the core and stick em in the freezer. Did it with just 3 as an experiment last year and it worked like a charm. Many more this year, but they take up a lot of space, unlike your idea of cutting them up. When the whole ones thaw, the skin just slips off.
Kirk…. I get my water at a RO water store here in Phoenix…. I am operating in the RO filters remove contaminates…… BUT if you buy organic produce but the farmer doesn’t know if their water is contaminated……
Today there was a program on the radio about breast health and the MD was giving stats about the rate of breast cancer and the dramatic increase in 30 years. Thankfully the death rate 30 years ago was 50% and now it around 11%…..
We have hormones in our meat & milk that make girls mature way too early. The war on cancer failed…….
BTW ….. today is my one year anniversary of my surgery for kidney cancer…..
Hmmm… Ancient family secret! Actually, I don’t have it, but, I can ask an Aunt for it…! I’ll get back to ya on it! ;-)
Yeah, Katy! May you see many more! 8-)
(((((katymine)))))
I helped a friend thru breast cancer treatments this summer. She is very brave, but I think (hope) she’s OK.
thers upstairs
It’s interesting to hear EPA say that perchlorate is “not at levels of public health concern,” since EPA has refused to establish the level that the chemical IS a health concern.
i’d forgotten. i did freeze a dozen or so cherry tomatoes last year (also an experiment *g*) – that’s a good idea, i’ll freeze a few this time time too. thanks for the reminder.
I got my mother to give up her fruit cake recipe (no, it’s not one of those. White cake & really scrumptious). You can get family secruds if you persist.
Congratulations, katymine!!
Hugs.
major congrats!!! did you celebrate?
I hope you are here a long time katymine!
Re: recipes, here is a link to the pie crust recipe I mentioned recently. 500 reviews! I chill everything in freezer, including flour, rolling pin, measuring cups, etc. and roll it between sheets of saran wrap. First time I’ve ever baked really successful crusts and it’s simple (love rolling it in the wrap).
http://allrecipes.com/Recipe/B…..etail.aspx
I’m here celebrating with some of my best friends….
I think we all can thank Kirk for his research. It is true that very small amounts of toxic chemicals may or may not be harmful. Of course rocket fuel is not vitamins. But our current regime of “free marketeers” have no interest in following the law or in protecting the public.
But it is a world wide trend for corporations to poison our food, air, land and water. For example melamine.
excellent!
Isn’t 16 million more like 5% of the population, and 30 million more like 10%?
Sorry I have stipulated that they all get solitary confinement FOR LIFE! Like you said TCU don’t want tp polute those already criminal minds any more with the Bushco criminals!
Yep. Finally corrected! Thanks for your and others kind prompts re my innumerate erors.
Can we take extra iodine?
I’ll bet even the tomatoes that changed color taste just fine. Maybe you could de-emphasize the importance of their color by combining them in some fancy sauce of your own creation (don’t laugh; it’s fun to experiment).
One important thing to check, though, could be the acid content of that particular variety of tomato. I’d look in recent-issue, good books on canning (Ball, Ortho Books, HP Books, etc,); maybe even on the seed packet, if you started them from seed; local Cooperative Extension Service – if Boosh hasn’t destroyed them all yet; internet – Martha Stewart???, etc.).
Lots of modern varieties of tomatoes don’t have the acid zip that the old favorites did, and the Ball Co. now recommends adding a bit of citric acid (available in most grocery stores in the canning supplies aisle) when canning them using a water bath boiling system to make sure they’re safe from potential spoilage (we’re talking botulism – no joke; tasteless and can be fatal even from a single small taste). I assume the citric acid also would probably help preserve the original green color.
If determined to can, and not wanting to add citric acid, for safety’s sake, your only option may very well be to use a pressure canner, which can reach a hotter temperature. Ahem, pressure canning can be exciting, if you’ve never done it before. E.g., the lady who taught me most of what I know about canning (i.e., an expert with LOTS of experience) once thought she’d stabilized the temperature/pressure just so and could take the luxury of leaving the kitchen for just a few minutes. She returned to find nice hot green beans glued all over her kitchen ceiling.
Canning is not for sissies! Be careful out there, intrepid gardener/cook.
But do have fun. There’s nothing like home made ;->
Freezing would be safe without using citric acid. My sister used to freeze the little cherry tomatoes whole, raw, only rinsed & not cooked at all. When she made a stew, she popped a few in to the bubbling brew toward the end of cooking. Said they tasted VERY fresh, and she loved them that way.
I intend to use the “green” canned tomatoes when I get my ground venison from my hunter friend and make it into chili. I’m sure it will taste fine; I was just disappointed that the color didn’t come through.
Re: acid. I try to stick to the local organic farmer who does heirlooms.
Yes, canning is work, but worthwhile. Don’t think I’ll try pressure canning though. Too potentially dangerous. I live alone.
Thanks for the tips.
Heather, I’m sorry to hear of your husband’s burdens. Your question is a really good one, and I’m ignorant of the answer. I’d love to know what an allergist could tell us about this.
Iodide supplements – like those added to table salt – have been suggested as one way to block the mechanism for perchlorate’s toxicity:
katymine, so glad for your presence and the good news and happy significance of your “anniversary”! Looking forward to decades of your happy returns…
Good on ya selise and Adie and eCAHN and CT and all the canners…
and on Sunny and all our bakers….
Harrvest time
Yum.
This article describes a few ways to check for (recorded) perchlorate in our local watersheds…..
[kjm note: The 20 million figure is “only” the total from lower Colorado River users in California and the Southwest. The figure doesn’t include the rest of the country.]