Back in January 2001, in an article presciently titled: "Bush: 'Our Long National Nightmare of Peace and Prosperity Is Finally Over,' " The Onion satirized the list of horrors on our horizon following the installation of the Bush regime. Here's what The Onion had to say about Bush and America's economy:
On the economic side, Bush vowed to bring back economic stagnation by implementing substantial tax cuts, which would lead to a recession, which would necessitate a tax hike, which would lead to a drop in consumer spending, which would lead to layoffs, which would deepen the recession even further.
Seven years ago, some of us may have chuckled at that prediction. Today, we see that even though The Onion writers probably thought they were pushing the envelope as far as they could go, they fell far short of describing the economic disaster Bush created.
Robert Kuttner, co-editor of The American Prospect, makes clear the current economic morass stems back to Bush and to the extremist conservative ideology that's run rampant through the federal government over the past two decades. And as Kuttner told Democracy Now yesterday, it's up to Democrats in Congress to connect the dots so the public understands that what's going on now in the U.S. economy is not a series of isolated incidents.
When people lose their homes because of the subprime mortgage disaster, it's not only because a greedy and unethical lender, acting in isolation, misrepresented the terms of the deal. When two people in a family working two jobs can't afford health care, their situation isn't an aberration. The subprime lender is part of a winner-take-all culture cultivated by intentional government inaction that winks at egregious excess of corporate greed. Familes working full-time who can't afford health care are among millions in this nation for whom the American dream is hoping they don't get sick.
Only when the stock market nosedives, putting pundits' portfolios in jeopardy, do they acknowledge what many of us have been saying for years: The economy is not working for working people and hasn't been for a longtime. Americans for Democratic Action pulled together a few facts to show just what the Bush administration has given us since taking office in 2001:
- 1.7 million more people without jobs.
- 4.1 million more people in poverty.
- 9.1 million more food stamp recipients.
- $777 billion more in consumer debt.
- 97 percent more long-term unemployment (more than 27 weeks).
…And on, and on....
Bush now is talking short-term stimulus, as if all working families need is a band-aid before his corporate buddies can go back to bullying us on the playground.
We need both short-term and long-term solutions. Last week, the AFL-CIO proposed steps to address the immediate crisis and the strategies needed to turn around our economy and put us all on solid footing.
Short term:
- Extend unemployment benefits.
- Increase food stamp benefits.
- Provide tax rebates targeted to middle-income and lower-income taxpayers.
- Ensure fiscal relief for state and local governments to avoid the economically depressing effect of tax increases and budget cuts.
- Accelerate ready-to-go public investment in school renovations and bridge repair.
These measures should be in addition our proposals on mortgage relief in which we urge lawmakers to impose an immediate moratorium on foreclosures on subprime mortgages—any mortgage with a teaser rate structure, as well a restructuring of subprime loans for 30 years at the lower teaser rates.
In a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, AFL-CIO President Sweeney also proposed longer term solutions to solving the wage stagnation, including:
- Ensuring transparency and effective regulation of our housing and financial markets.
- Reactivating the historically successful fiscal and monetary policies that place a higher priority on full employment.
- Fixing our flawed trade policies. Investing in the high-paying green jobs of the future.
- Fixing our broken labor laws so that workers who want to form a union can bargain with their employers for better wages and benefits.
- Ensuring affordable health care and retirement security.
Last year, we spearheaded economic education trainings—An Economy That Works for All—among union activists across the country to empower them to dismantle the corporate agenda and build a working family agenda. It's critical we get across to our union members and the public at large that there's a connection between seemingly isolated economic problems, and that these problems are woven into the very fabric of a corporate-first, top-down political environment that isn't on our side.
[Thanks to everyone here who took time to fill out our health care survey last week. In just over a week, nearly 10,000 people have taken part in it. The comments submitted about individual health care experiences show again just how dire the crisis is in this country.]
Login Here
Share This
Spotlight

Support this site!
Keep up with news
Advertise on Firedoglake
Send us your tips
Make us your homepage
About Firedoglake
Advanced search

RSS/XML Feed
!
Hi, Tula. Thanks for all your great work.
no fair, Tula, Jane just posted two minutes ago ……
Hi tula,
Unfortunately we keep buying GOP snake oil and then wrinkle our faces up when the adult dems come to clean up the mess.
I’m not a financial wizard, but I knew I couldn’t accept all the “free” credit cards thrown at us through the mail. The money has to come from somewhere…
While I am saying we the people should accept some responsibility, once upon a time, banks would not issue to credit to people who didn’t have a means to pay it back. But then they got hooked on transaction fees and threw the financial baby out with the bath water.
Sorry. I think the point of my number 4 is that this was my little personal indicator that something was wrong with this picture.
Great thoughtful post as always Tula. thanks.
Amazing post, Tula - thank you.
Second best Onion headline—first is ” CEO outsources marital duties to Mexican gardner”
I wish the reality was as funny as the Onion peice.
I’m not surprised the economy is in freefall. Simple. We are based on consumer capitalism. It deadends. 9/11 advice by the Decider to the American people: “Go shop.” hat was his benefit, not the People’s. The economy was already tumbling this was a good excuse for a quick fix. And most people followed the leader.
One day, all the negatives catch up (offshore manufacturing which has been increasing since 1981 under Reagan), the destruction of very small businesses (fifty employees or less), high fees and hidden taxes in all necessary services (phone, energy, gas, etc.), devalued dollar (yep, it’s devalued compared to the euro), lower wages, no benefits, unpaid retirements, reduced cost of living increase, to mention a few.
All over Asia millions of people have tiny businesses, a long tradition. It is both common and expected. Their is no government shakedown. It is considered necessary to reduce abject poverty, families begging on the streets, children sold for various reasons, women sold to factories where they receive no compensation, bond servants, child labor. As countries adopted capitalism instead of a market trade economy, the people fell deeper and deeper into poverty.
Why did this happen? The governments showed favoritism towards large multinational corporations and received their cut of the bargain. US has laws on the books to not pay bribes. They do. Heavy ones. Very simple. Just call it by another name and never use the “b” word. Voila! It’s all good - for the few.
Just a reminder, NAFTA was entrenched for twelve years before Clinton gave it its name. A big ship turns around slowly. When you realize you are facing the opposite direction, it was in the making long ago. Capitalism is a very flawed economic system. OK. So someone is going to jump in and say it’s not a system. Well, it is now. Ouch! I just got slapped by the invisible hand!
Best onion headline?
Bush Iraq exit strategy: West Nile
Hi Tula, thank you!
I read in some comments on another blog: one claimed that companies would bring back jobs from overseas if they weren’t taxed so heavily!
I’m sure companies would enjoy receiving tax breaks but how that would bring jobs back, I don’t know.
Does filibuster come into play after the amendments are dealt with?
oops sorry tula, wrong thread!
Interesting/depressing new poll about what people thing about the state of the union. 81% of the respondents are unhappy; definitely interesting, but not particularly surprising
http://www.collectiveintellect.....tate_o.php
What the US and countries too closely tied to the US market and exposed to the bogus credit derivatives face is stagflation, inflation and falling consumer demand. The recent US devaluation may have reassured the stock market temporarily but that devalues the US$ further driving up inflationary forces for imports. While China may be looking to buy up US assets to park their growing trade surplus, it is unlikely to fend off problems down the road if the country does not look to its own domestic market as a major outlet for its output.
The dilemma for China is they are wary of a major restructure that is required to refocus their production for the rural hinterland where most of their population is as that requires disaffecting its rapidly growing urban population easier to accommodate in factories geared to overseas, ie, US, demand. Unless they do that, however, they face inflationary pressures and collapsing exports because US deamand is going to go down.
There are other pitfalls re US’ likely resort to protectionist paranoia that Japan faced in earlier times. Either way, China will have to revalue their Yuan/renminbi, particularly as they diversify their foreign exchange reserves. It may slow down their growth rate but not by that much to derail their economy.
The US really needed to increase unemployment benefits and focus on lowest income levels as far as rebates are concerned because these are the people who are least likely to indulge in spending sprees at the WalMart but spend on necessities which are more likely to be home produced.
Was listening to the this guy from the Heritage Foundation on Jim Lehrer bemoaning that there were not enough incentives for corporations to increase investment. Absolute baloney. Corporations do not invest to increase productive capacity because it is cheaper to borrow for investment or that the cost of marginal increases in investment capacity can be written off. They invest because they think they can sell their output.
Pelosi seemed to be relishing her photo-op to look important but there is absolutely no focus on macroeconomic policies beyond the immediate short term.
Giving companies tax breaks. It won’t work if they just get a tax break. We know where human nature wants to put a windfall.
However, if taxes are reduced based on the quality of benefits and larger employee salaries, that would work. Until 1980, under Reagan, management compensation and labor compensation was far less than since the 1980s. CEOs were also more responsible and better managers than the clowns we have today. They have one interest, their compensation package (I negotiated those packages for several years). Even if he fails in his objectives, he is fully compensated. His severance pay is greater than the average employee’s lifetime earnings. What kind of a deal is that?
I dearly hope the Democrats tie the money wasted in Iraq with the economy. They are not separate issues.
I don’t think too many people chuckled at that, I for one predicted it unequivocally and the only thing wrong about my prediction is I thought it would manifest much sooner then it has
the president’s policy has been to take middle class assets and give those assets to the wealthiest people on the planet
I am amazed it took this long to manifest and I think the worst will be realized long in the future
so far in the future this president might even escape blame much like Reagan escapes blame for the selling of America overseas
If it’s up to Democrats in Congress, I’m not hopeful. Those are the same people who made Nancy Pelosi House Speaker and Harry Reid Senate Majority Leader.
OT (previous thread)
From John Edwards:
When it comes to protecting the rule of law, words are not enough. We need action.
It’s wrong for your government to spy on you. That’s why I’m asking you to join me today in calling on Senate Democrats to filibuster revisions to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) that would give “retroactive immunity” to the giant telecom companies for their role in aiding George W. Bush’s illegal eavesdropping on American citizens.
The Senate is debating this issue right now — which is why we must act right now. You can call your Senators here:
Granting retroactive immunity is wrong. It will let corporate law-breakers off the hook. It will hamstring efforts to learn the truth about Bush’s illegal spying program. And it will flip on its head a core principle that has guided our nation since our founding: the belief that no one, no matter how well connected or what office they hold, is above the law.
But in Washington today, the telecom lobbyists have launched a full-court press for retroactive immunity. George Bush and Dick Cheney are doing everything in their power to ensure it passes. And too many Senate Democrats are ready to give the lobbyists and the Bush administration exactly what they want.
Please join me in calling on every Senate Democrat to do everything in their power — including joining Senator Dodd’s efforts to filibuster this legislation — to stop retroactive immunity and stand up for the rule of law. The Constitution should not be for sale at any price.
Thank you for taking action.
John Edwards
January 24, 2008
That won’t happen becuse they are Democrats.
Thank you, Perris. I would add it did happen much sooner but people were so in fear of being called “unpatriotic” that they just suffered loses and said nothing. Also, when the upper middle class started to feel the pinch, which the rest of us felt long before, they began to whine and complain. They had to take fewer luxury trips and spend less at the gambling casinos.
everyone must click on this link
get that graph saved to your hardrive, if you have a blog, post it on the header…it is stunning in it’s clarity
ps, that grapgh is from think progress
It might make more poeple pay attention if it was put this way:
The president’s policy has been to take middle class assets and give those assets to himself, his family and his friends.
Sometimes, “the wealthy” is too abstract.
Much of what is said makes sense especially that about what a short term stimulus package should contain (but probably won’t) and regulation and trade policy, etc. However the part regarding mortgage relief is, well, nonsense.
First, Congress, nor any part of the government, has the power to compel lenders to reconfigure the terms of their loans or delay foreclosures. Mortgages are private contracts and interference with these is forbidden by the constitution. If there were actual fraud involved - hard to prove but possible in some cases - then the remedies would be in civil court and specific to each individual case.
Further what actual good would a moratorium on foreclosure accomplish? Foreclosure is not a quick process to begin with and often takes three, four months or more from initial default to final sale or repossession. Another 90 days will not solve anything. If the debtor could have worked out a solution, or restructured the loan, he would have done so in the initial period between default and foreclosure. This is just delaying the inevitable unless you think that in 90 days everything will turn around and markets will recover so that the property can be saved. Not likely.
It takes two fools to make a bad deal, the fool who offered it and the fool who accepted it and more often than not both are operating out of greed. Why bail out one and not the other? Restructuring of subprime loans for 30 years at the lower teaser rates would be a nice gift to those who (foolishly and/or greedily) took out these loans but hammer those who made the loans and those who bought the loans as part of the huge shitpile which would serve to make the credit crisis worse overall and further reduce the value of the remaining shitpile. Not a real good idea overall.
Hi there, Tula…
its way past time for people who care at all about the US to stop being kowtowed by the accusation of class warfare, because down and dirty class warfare is exactly what the US needs to right itself, or more correctly the not-so-rich need to start engaging in the class warfare that the rich have been waging against them for at least a generation.
I say f**k the rich, let them leave; better yet chase them out. There is nothing inherently special or superior about a rich person; nearly all of them are born rich and connected, and use their wealth, access, and power to further enrich themselves and their friends, and oppress the not-so-rich.
The US is clearly a plutocracy; and the plutocrats don’t give a rats ass about the country or the average American.
.
the losses started manifestation in areas that glide under the radar
for instance, when gm was able to ignore their retirement fund because teh bush administration allowed the insurance fund to go without over site
and communities taking maintenance funding for infrastructure and diverting those funds to cover other arenas
our society is on the verge of collapse and the only inoculation will be realizing what has happened
the only way out of this is to reclaim the assets from whence they wound up
the middle class assets that were stolen and given to the upper class must be re acquired
if we do that then we can rebuild without too much pain
and that re acquiring of assets must not be called “tax increase for the wealthy”
it must be called;
‘re acquiring assets’
I want to rub their face in the crap they dumped in our back yard and calling it “re acquiring assets” does the trick very nicely
very nice, I agree with that point indeed
Actually, the chart originates with the House Democratic Caucus
Good point. I read some wingnut whining about “absurd social programs” etc. The most absurd social program that tops my list is the Occupation of Iraq, closely followed by War on Terror.
I knew Bush for what he was in 2000 - a spoiled frat-boy who had screwed up every enterprise he touched. I’ve worked for far too many assholes just like him not to know what was coming.
I told everybody I knew Bush would be our generation’s Hoover, and they thought I was crazy.
Maybe not.
oops, wrong graph
I would add that a class be taught in grammer and high school for basic personal finance and the generics of the econ. A class on civics might not be such a bad idea if it was based on facts.
got it, think progress picked up the graph and posted it on their site, thanx for the correction
People that say corporations are overtaxed are Bs’ing.
In 2005, of all the federal taxes paid, 7% were paid by corporations.
Me and you footed the other 93%.
And their salaries, to boot.
Anyone watch Washington Journal on C-SPAN this morning? Robert Greenstein of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities(a think tank dealing with low income concerns)explaining what is wrong with the stimulus agreement Nancy is getting us into. http://www.cbpp.org/1-22-08tax.htm. He quotes from Mark Zandi of Moody’s Economy.com (Moody’s is not what you would call a left wing rag) http://www.economy.com/home/ar.....cid+102598 on which economic stimulus options give the best bang for the buck. The least effective were corporate tax cuts ($.30 of stimulus for each dollar spent). The most effective were extending unemployment benefits and increasing food stamps($1.64 and $1.73 of stimulus for each dollar spent).What’s in and what’s out.
This is just another example of ruling class complicity between the rich white people in congress. This economic slowdown didn’t just run us over like a truck. They knew it was coming. They were just waiting for an economic 9/11 so they could pass one more round of corporate tax cuts under the guise of stimulus before a Dem POTUS gets in office.
When Ike left office IIR (reading) C, the corps paid approx 30%.
Supreme Allied Commander sure saw the militay-industrial threat coming.
What Operation Overlord will free Corporatist-Occupied America?
Thank you Tula, you speak for me. I have been a pro labor, union member guy most of my life.
We are the butter on the bread, the grease on the wheel and when anyone tells me it is the owners, the wealthy who make the money I always ask if they did it in a vacuum. They may be the seed but they sure as hell are not the whole plant, without us they got nothing. And as far as bond traders, and Bain(Romney) corporation types go, their contribution to society is one of predator parasite killing labor, ruining peoples lives.
It pisses me off always to see some group of pencil neck fucks with money push around six foot tall guys like me and get away with it in the name of some law designed to crush me for no other reason than greed.
Don’t even get me started on health care.
Again thx for caring and acting.
Northern Economies Biting Mexico.
Mexico, Jan 24 (Prensa Latina) The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) undermines Mexican sovereignty and jeopardizes corn, the basis of its cultural wealth, assured Martin Velasquez, of the Mexican alliance for Self Determination of the Peoples (AMAP).
During a debate within the framework of the Mexican World Social Forum-2008 it was said that without corn there is no country, and the Campesino Moviment called on civil society to defend the sources of food and national freedoms.
An agricultural and food model was imposed on Mexico based on privatization, indiscriminate trade openings and deregulation of the sector, recalled Vasquez.
He added that dependence and monopolization of the agrarian market had penetrated deeply and become a supreme law of the nation and policy of the State when NAFTA was set in motion in 1994.
He explained that two million agricultural jobs have been lost, which has worsened since January 1, 2008 when taxes on corn and beans were eliminated, among those on other items.
He pointed out that due to the crisis in the sector three hundred thousand Mexican campesinos have emigrated to the United States.
Production of food is at a standstill and imposes the inhuman and irrational logic of campesinos moving to the United States and importing food products, mostly from the same labor, he insisted.
A response to prostrate dragon on yesterday about reserve requirements of investment banks subprime deflation is causing an ongoing capital demand on the banks here is why:
——————————————————————————–
Reserve Requirements
Reserve requirements are the amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities. Within limits specified by law, the Board of Governors has sole authority over changes in reserve requirements. Depository institutions must hold reserves in the form of vault cash or deposits with Federal Reserve Banks.
The dollar amount of a depository institution’s reserve requirement is determined by applying the reserve ratios specified in the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation D to an institution’s reservable liabilities (see table of reserve requirements). Reservable liabilities consist of net transaction accounts, nonpersonal time deposits, and eurocurrency liabilities. Since December 27, 1990, nonpersonal time deposits and eurocurrency liabilities have had a reserve ratio of zero.
The reserve ratio on net transactions accounts depends on the amount of net transactions accounts at the depository institution. The Garn-St Germain Act of 1982 exempted the first $2 million of reservable liabilities from reserve requirements. This “exemption amount” is adjusted each year according to a formula specified by the act. The amount of net transaction accounts subject to a reserve requirement ratio of 3 percent was set under the Monetary Control Act of 1980 at $25 million. This “low-reserve tranche” is also adjusted each year (see table of low-reserve tranche amounts and exemption amounts since 1982). Net transaction accounts in excess of the low-reserve tranche are currently reservable at 10 percent.
For more history on the changes in reserve requirement ratios and the indexation of the exemption and low-reserve tranche, see the annual review in the H.3 statistical release. Additional details on reserve requirements can be found in the Reserve Maintenance Manual (682 KB PDF) and in the article (119 KB PDF) in the Federal Reserve Bulletin, the appendix of which has tables of historical reserve ratios.
Reserve Requirements
Type of liability Requirement
Percentage of liabilities Effective date
Net transaction accounts 1
$0 to $9.3 million2 0 12-20-07
More than $9.3 million to $43.9 million3 3 12-20-07
More than $43.9 million 10 12-20-07
Nonpersonal time deposits 0 12-27-90
Eurocurrency liabilities 0 12-27-90
Return to text
Note. Required reserves must be held in the form of vault cash and, if vault cash is insufficient, also in the form of a deposit maintained with a Federal Reserve Bank. An institution that is a member of the Federal Reserve System must hold that deposit directly with a Reserve Bank; an institution that is not a member of the System can maintain that deposit directly with a Reserve Bank or with another institution in a pass-through relationship. Reserve requirements are imposed on commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks, Edge corporations, and agreement corporations.
1. Total transaction accounts consists of demand deposits, automatic transfer service (ATS) accounts, NOW accounts, share draft accounts, telephone or preauthorized transfer accounts, ineligible bankers acceptances, and obligations issued by affiliates maturing in seven days or less. Net transaction accounts are total transaction accounts less amounts due from other depository institutions and less cash items in the process of collection. For a more detailed description of these deposit types, see Form FR 2900 at http://www.federalreserve.gov/.....portforms/
Return to table
2. The amount of net transaction accounts subject to a reserve requirement ratio of zero percent (the “exemption amount”) is adjusted each year by statute. The exemption amount is adjusted upward by 80 percent of the previous year’s (June 30 to June 30) rate of increase in total reservable liabilities at all depository institutions. No adjustment is made in the event of a decrease in such liabilities. Return to table
3. The amount of net transaction accounts subject to a reserve requirement ratio of 3 percent is the “low-reserve tranche.” By statute, the upper limit of the low-reserve tranche is adjusted each year by 80 percent of the previous year’s (June 30 to June 30) rate of increase or decrease in net transaction accounts held by all depository institutions. Return to table
Low-Reserve Tranche Amounts and Exemption Amounts since 1982
Effective date
(beginning of
maintenance period) Low-reserve
tranche amount
(millions of U.S. dollars) Exemption amount
(millions of U.S. dollars)
January 14, 1982 26.0 n.a.
December 23, 1982 n.a. 2.1
January 13, 1983 26.3 ***
January 12, 1984 28.9 2.2
January 3, 1985 29.8 2.4
January 2, 1986 31.7 2.6
January 1, 1987 36.7 2.9
December 31, 1987 40.5 3.2
December 29, 1988 41.5 3.4
December 28, 1989 40.4 3.4
December 27, 1990 41.1 3.4
December 26, 1991 42.2 3.6
December 24, 1992 46.8 3.8
December 23, 1993 51.9 4.0
December 22, 1994 54.0 4.2
December 21, 1995 52.0 4.3
December 31, 1996 49.3 4.4
January 1, 1998 47.8 4.7
December 31, 1998 46.5 4.9
December 30, 1999 44.3 5.0
December 28, 2000 42.8 5.5
December 27, 2001 41.3 5.7
December 26, 2002 42.1 6.0
December 25, 2003 45.4 6.6
December 23, 2004 47.6 7.0
December 22, 2005 48.3 7.8
December 21, 2006 45.8 8.5
December 20, 2007 43.9 9.3
Return to text
n.a. Not applicable.Return to table
*** No change. Return to table
——————————————————————————–
Home | Monetary policy
Accessibility | Contact Us
Last update: September 26, 2007
http://www.xat.org/xat/moneyhistory.html
THE HISTORY OF MONEY PART 1
Let’s Go FORWARD
Tell someone you are going to a convention of accountants and you might get a few yawns, yet money and how it works is probably one of the most interesting things on earth.
It is fascinating and almost magical how money appeared on our planet. Unlike most developments we enjoy, which can be traced back to a source, civilisation or inventor, money appeared in places then unconnected all over the world in a remarkably simular way.
Consider the American Indians using Wampum, West Africans trading in decorative metallic objects called Manillas and the Fijians economy based on whales teeth, some of which are still legal tender; add to that shells, amber, ivory, decorative feathers, cattle including oxen & pigs, a large number of stones including jade and quartz which have all been used for trade across the world, and we get a taste of the variety of accepted currency.
There is something charming and childlike imagining primitive societies, our ancestors, using all these colourful forms of money. As long as everyone concerned can agree on a value, this is a sensible thing for a community to do.
After all, the person who has what you need might not need what you have to trade. Money solves that problem neatly. Real value with each exchange, and everyone gaining from the convenience. The idea is really inspired which might explain why so many diverse minds came up with it.
BUT ALL IS NOT WELL
”History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling money and its issuance.”
President James Madison
Money, money, money, it’s always just been there, right? Wrong.
Obviously it’s issued by the government to make it easy for us to exchange things. Wrong again!
Truth is most people don’t realise that the issuing of money is essentially a private business, and that the privilege of issuing money has been a major bone of contention throughout history.
Wars have been fought and depressions have been caused in the battle over who issues the money; however the majority of us are not aware of this, and this is largely due to the fact that the winning side became and increasingly continues to be a vital and respected member of our global society, having an influence over large aspects of our lives including our education, our media and our governments.
While we might feel powerless in trying to stop the manipulation of money for private profit at our expense, it is easy to forget that we collectively give money its value. We have been taught to believe printed pieces of paper have special value, and because we know others believe this too, we are willing to work all our lives to get what we are convinced others will want.
An honest look at history will show us how our innocent trust has been misused.
[RBG Note; remainder of comment removed. Please provide links and summaries in the future. Thanks.]